加纳 John Dramani Mahama 总统提倡增加本国人在开采国家自然资源中的参与度，作为更广泛战略的一部分，以复苏经济并减少对外国实体的依赖。

Mahama 总统在 2025 年全国经济对话上发言时指出，跨国公司主导了加纳的黄金和石油行业，占该国总商品出口的近 70%。他说，这意味着这些部门产生的收入并没有完全惠及加纳经济。

Mahama 总统指出，有必要让加纳人发挥主导作用，开采长期以来对国家经济至关重要的资源，如黄金。

“我们必须增加本国人在开采我们自然资源中的参与度。” Mahama 总统宣布：“为了所有人的繁荣，加纳必须从其自然资源中获得更多收益。”

加纳的采矿业，特别是矿产开采，对国家经济做出了重大贡献。然而，当地在这一领域的参与仍然很低。

2023 年，加纳生产了大约 420 万盎司的黄金，占世界总产量的约 4%。2023 年，加纳的矿产生产带来了 59 亿美元的矿物收入，其中矿业公司通过商业银行和加纳银行向国内汇回了超过 42 亿美元，占当年矿物总收入的 71.3%。

此外，加纳的矿物出口收入从 2022 年的 68 亿美元增长到 2023 年的 78 亿美元，增长了 15%，这主要归因于除锰矿外所有矿物的出口收入增长。

截至 2024 年 10 月，黄金出口额达到 95.8 亿美元，占总额 165 亿美元的一半以上。

Mahama 总统的讲话正值该国面临严重的经济危机之际，经济危机具体表现为高通胀、高失业率和外国投资下降。他呼吁在采矿业中增加国内参与，这与他的更广泛愿景一致，即把加纳从原材料出口国转变为增加值工业化经济。

Mahama 总统强调，过度依赖出口未经加工的资源使加纳更容易受到全球价格波动和外部冲击的影响。

“加纳是时候转变成为一个增加值工业化经济、创造就业机会、促进出口、减少对进口的依赖了。” 他说。

Mahama 总统的讲话还提到了需要进行结构性改革，以释放私营部门的潜力并推动就业创造。

同样，2025 年 2 月，财政研究学院（IFS）也呼吁加纳从根本上转变管理其外部部门的方法，敦促政府重新考虑加纳两大出口产品——黄金和石油——的所有权结构，以确保更多的外汇收入留在经济体内。

在 3 月议会 2025 年预算报告之前，财政研究学院提出了建议，指出尽管近年来加纳持续存在贸易顺差，但加纳塞地兑美元的汇率却持续急剧贬值，凸显了加纳国际收支平衡的结构性弱点。

财政研究学院建议重组采矿业的所有权模型，并提出了两个关键策略：通过合资企业或采用生产分成协议，增加国家在黄金和石油生产中的参与度，这将使政府保留更大比例的出口收入。

“通过合资企业或生产分成协议在黄金和石油领域取得控制性利益，这不仅是一个经济上的必要举措；这是确保加纳金融稳定的战略举措。” Boakye 博士说。

“这种方法将为政府创造更多的财政收入，同时确保外汇收入中有相当一部分留在国内，以支持加纳塞地。”

财政研究学院警告说，如果没有这样的改革，加纳将仍然容易受到货币波动和经济危机的影响。加纳依赖外部借款来管理汇率波动，已多次导致不可持续的债务积累，引发财政困境。

财政研究学院认为，从 2022 年开始的当前危机正是这种模式的直接结果。

加纳银行的数据显示，2017 年至 2023 年间，加纳每年都录得贸易顺差，总商品出口从 2017 年至 2019 年的平均 148 亿美元增加到 2022 年至 2023 年的 171 亿美元。

然而，这种增长并没有转化为稳定的汇率。相反，塞地的贬值率从 2017 年至 2019 年的年均 8.7% 跃升至 2022-2023 年间的 28.9%。

财政研究学院称，原因在于加纳采矿业的所有权结构。

Take Leading Role in Resource Exploitation - President Urges Ghanaians

President John Dramani Mahama has advocated increased indigenous participation in exploitating the country’s natural resources, as part of a broader strategy to revive the economy and reduce reliance on foreign entities.

Multinational companies dominate Ghana’s gold and oil industries, accounting for nearly 70 percent of  total merchandise exports. This means that the revenue generated from these sectors does not fully benefit the Ghanaian economy, he said.

Speaking at the 2025 National Economic Dialogue, Mr. Mahama noted the need for Ghanaians to take a leading role in the extraction and exploitation of resources such as gold which have long been key to the nation’s economy.

“There must be increased indigenous participation in the exploitation of our natural resources,” Mr. Mahama declared. “Ghana must earn more from its natural resource endowment in order to play a role in prosperity for all,” the president declared.

Ghana’s extractive sector, particularly mining, significantly contributes to the nation’s economy; however, local participation in this remains low.

In 2023, the country produced approximately 4.2 million ounces of gold, accounting for about 4 percent of the world’s total output.

This production led to mineral revenues of US$5.9billion, with mining companies repatriating over US$4.2billion into the country through commercial banks and the Bank of Ghana, representing 71.3% of total mineral revenue for the year.

Additionally, Ghana’s mineral export receipts improved from US$6.8billion in 2022 to US$7.8billion in 2023, marking a 15 percent revenue increase attributed to the growth in export earnings from all minerals except manganese.

Gold exports alone accounted for US$9.58billion as of October 2024, representing more than half the total export earnings of US$16.5billion.

The president’s remarks come as the nation grapples with a severe economic crisis marked by elevated inflation, high unemployment and declining foreign investment.

Mr. Mahama’s call for greater domestic involvement in the extractive industries aligns with his broader vision of transitioning the country from a raw material exporter to a value-added industrialised economy.

He stressed that the country’s over-reliance on exporting unprocessed resources has left it vulnerable to global price fluctuations and external shocks.

“It’s time to transition into a value-added industrialised economy that creates jobs, boosts exports and reduces our reliance on imports,” he said.

The president’s speech also touched on a need for structural reforms to unlock the private sector’s potential and drive job creation.

Similarly, the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) last week also called for a fundamental shift in Ghana’s approach to managing its external sector, urging government to reconsider the ownership structure of Ghana’s two largest exports – gold and oil – to ensure that more foreign exchange earnings remain within the economy.

In it’s recommendations ahead of the 2025 budget presentation in parliament this month, the policy think-tank stated that despite the country’s consistent trade surpluses in recent years, the cedi has continued to depreciate sharply -highlighting a structural weakness in the country’s balance of payments.

IFS recommended a restructuring of the extractive sector ownership model. The think-tank proposes two key strategies: increasing state participation in gold and oil production through joint ventures or adopting production-sharing agreements, which would allow government to retain a larger share of export revenues.

“Taking commanding interests in gold and oil through joint ventures or production-sharing agreements is not just an economic necessity; it is a strategic move to secure Ghana’s financial stability,” Dr. Boakye stated.

“This approach will generate more fiscal revenue for government while also ensuring that a substantial portion of foreign exchange earnings remains within the country to support the cedi.”

IFS warns that without such reforms, the nation will remain vulnerable to currency volatility and economic crises. The country’s dependence on external borrowing to manage exchange rate fluctuations has repeatedly led to unsustainable debt accumulation, triggering fiscal distress.

The policy think-tank argued that the current crisis, which began in 2022, is a direct result of this pattern.

Data from the Bank of Ghana shows that between 2017 and 2023 the country recorded positive trade balances each year, with total merchandise exports rising from an average of  US$14.8billion between 2017 and 2019 to US$17.1billion between 2022 and 2023.

However, this increase did not translate into exchange rate stability. Instead, the cedi’s depreciation rate surged from an annual average of 8.7 percent between 2017 and 2019 to 28.9 percent in the 2022-2023 period.

The reason, according to IFS, lies in the extractive sector’s ownership structure .

来源：财经在线

文：By Joshua Worlasi AMLANU

翻译：无尽夏

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